Rocky

Introduction

Rocky Linux is an upcoming Linux distribution that is currently in development.

It is intended for subsequent, full binary compatible release using the source code of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) operating system.

The goal of the project is to provide a community-supported manufacturing enterprise operating system.

The Rocky Linux version was released on April 30, 2021.

Rocky installation

You can download the image on the site www.rockylinux.org

Step-by-step instructions Rocky Linux installation here

Installing Rocky Linux on VirtualBox

After installation

I recommend the following:

sudo yum -y update
sudo yum install -y redhat-lsb-core net-tools epel-release kernel-headers kernel-devel yum-utils
sudo yum groupinstall -y "Development Tools"

You probably will. enable network interfaces

Find out the story.

You can find the version of the installed rocky command

cat /etc/system-release

Rocky Linux release 8.4 (Green Obsidian)

Or

cat /etc/rocky-release

Rocky Linux release 8.4 (Green Obsidian)

Or

rpm -q rocky-release

rocky-release-8.4-26.el8.noarch

If you install a package redhat-lsb

lsb_release -a

If only the main version is enough, you can use it.

rpm --eval %{rocky_ver}

8

Software Installation

It is a good idea to update the package manager. In Rocky, it's called yum.

yum update

For quiet installation use flag -y

yum install -y redhat-lsb-core net-tools epel-release kernel-headers kernel-devel

yum groupinstall -y "Development Tools"

For installation of graphical shell execute command

yum groupinstall -y "X Window System" "MATE Desktop"

Add a user to the sudo group

All users in the group wheel It is possible to carry out command sudo So you have to root.

su

And from root add the user to the wheel command group

usermod -aG wheel andrei

It is possible to become a user again.

su andrei

Network Configuration

Considered in a separate article - «Configure network connections in rocky»

Wget installation

sudo yum install wget

Installation Go

You can download Golang from the website. golang.org

wget https://golang.org/dl/go1.15.5.linux-386.tar.gz

After downloading, check that the checksum matches the amount recorded on the site.

sha256sum go1.15.5.linux-386.tar.gz

4c8179d406136979724c71732009c7e2e7c794dbeaaa2a043c00da34d4be0559 go1.15.5.linux-386.tar.gz

Coincides with the value on the site - look at the bottom line

Unpack the archive.

sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.15.5.linux-386.tar.gz

Add the way to go to PATH

vi ~/.bash_profile

export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin

Create a working directory

mkdir ~/go

Check if Go's installed.

go version

If you got something like that.

go version go1.15.5 linux/386

It's okay.

You got a mistake.

-bash: /usr/local/go/bin/go: /lib/ld-linux.so.2: bad ELF interpreter: No such file or directory

Try glibc. i686

sudo yum install glibc.i686

Installation X

Installation and configuration of the X server are discussed in a separate article - «X Window System in Rocky»

Useful commands

Moving between X and the real terminal (physical terminal) is done by pressing the right CTRL + F2 - to go to the console

Right CTRL + F1 - to go to X

To know the name of your console execute

tty

/dev/pts/0

Find out who is connected to the execution system

who

andrei tty1 2020-11-19 11:03 (:0) andrei pts/0 2020-11-19 11:45 (:0) andrei tty2 2020-11-19 11:42 andrei pts/1 2020-11-19 11:48 (192.168.56.1)

Tty1 and Tty2 are real terminals.

pts/0 is a pseudo terminal running in local machine lawsuits.

pts/1 is a pseudo terminal on a remote machine with IP 192.168.56.1 from which I connected via ssh

In Linux All are files and tty terminals are no exception.

Do it.

ls -l $(tty)

Or similar command.

ls -l /dev/pts/1

crw--w----. 1 andrei tty 136, 1 Nov 19 12:43 /dev/pts/1

The first character is the file type.

Seven file types are available: ordinary, directories, character, blocks, sockets, named channels, symbolism

- : regular file
d : directory
c : character device file
b : block device file
s : local socket file
p : named pipe
l : symbolic link

The c signifier means character. So this file can accept and display characters

If

ls -ld /etc

drwxr-xr-x. 118 root root 8192 Nov 19 11:02 /etc

You can see that the file type d. I mean, directory

To view disks/blocks, execute

lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 8G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 7G 0 part ├─rocky-root 253:0 0 6.2G 0 lvm / └─rocky-swap 253:1 0 820M 0 lvm [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 57.7M 0 rom /run/media/andrei/VBox_GAs_6.1.10

If

ls -l /dev/sda*

brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda1 brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda2

You can make sure that the file type b. I mean, block

It means that there must be one symbol.

ls -l /dev/sda?

brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda1 brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda2

[12] means either symbol 1 or symbol 2.

ls -l /dev/sda[12]

brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda1 brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Nov 19 11:02 /dev/sda2

When you want to know the version of the system, you can

ls -l /etc/system-release

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jun 19 10:22 /etc/system-release -> rocky-release

File type l signifier link This is not a real file, but a link.

Do it.

ls -l /etc/system-release /etc/rocky-release /etc/redhat-release

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jun 19 10:22 /etc/redhat-release -> rocky-release -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 41 Jun 19 10:22 /etc/rocky-release lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jun 19 10:22 /etc/system-release -> rocky-release

/etc/rocky-release is a real file and the rest are links to it.

If you used redhat, the real thing would be redhat-release.

Another way to get version information is to execute lsb release-d where -d stands for description.

lsb_release -d

Description: Rocky Linux release 8.4 (Green Obsidian)

You can find out where the lsb release file is located command which lsb release. To get straight to Additional information to execute

ls -lF $(which lsb_release)

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15929 Apr 18 19:47 /usr/bin/lsb_release*

The -F option indicates the file type. So we were able to see * after lsb release. * means that the file executable.

To find out where the file came from, you can use command rpm with options q (query) and f (file)

rpm -qf $(which lsb_release)

redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.el8.x86_64

To copy the file in interactive mode use command cp optionally i (interactive)

interactive means that if a file with such a name exists, you will be asked before erasing it.

cp -i /etc/hosts .
cp -i /etc/hosts .

cp: overwrite ‘./hosts’?

To create a directory immediately with a subdirectory inside use commandoi mkdir optionally p (parent)

mkdir -p sites/heiheiru
ls -l sites

total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 andrei andrei 6 Nov 19 13:40 heiheiru

To create multiple files with names in order execute touch

touch files/file{1..5}
ls -l files

-rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:46 file1 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:46 file2 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:46 file3 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:46 file4 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:46 file5

To copy the files directory to the sites directory with all the content executed

cp -R files sites
ls -l sites/files/

total 0 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:49 file1 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:49 file2 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:49 file3 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:49 file4 -rw-rw-r--. 1 andrei andrei 0 Nov 19 13:49 file5

The files directory has been copied to the sites directory, so now sites have file subdirectory.

If you have a tree module installed, you can visually examine the nesting. If not, execute first sudo yum install tree

tree sites

sites └── files ├── file1 ├── file2 ├── file3 ├── file4 └── file5 1 directory, 5 files

You can create a link command ln, a symbolic link ln -s

You can clear the terminal by pressing CTRL + l

Learn the details of your SSH connection can be commanded

echo $SSH_CONNECTION

192.168.56.1 52350 192.168.56.101 22

First comes IP and client port, then IP and server port.

To study the contents of a long test file execute

less filename

To search ahead, click / to search back?

Search

Just find

find /usr/share/doc -name '*.pdf'

Find and immediately copy to the current directory

find /usr/share/doc -name '*.pdf' -exec cp {} . \;

Find in the current directory

find -name '*.pdf'

Remove from the current directory

find -name '*.pdf' -delete

Find all the links

find /etc -type l

Find all links only at the top level of nesting

find /etc -maxdepth 1 -type l

df -h /boot

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 1014M 194M 821M 20% /boot

Find regular files of a certain size

find /boot -size +20000k -type f

find: ‘/boot/efi/EFI/rocky’: Permission denied find: ‘/boot/grub2’: Permission denied /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-389ee10be1b38d4281b9720fabd80a37.img /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.2.2.el7.x86_64.img

find /boot -size +10000k -type f

find: ‘/boot/efi/EFI/rocky’: Permission denied find: ‘/boot/grub2’: Permission denied /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-389ee10be1b38d4281b9720fabd80a37.img /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64kdump.img /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.2.2.el7.x86_64.img /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.2.2.el7.x86_64kdump.img

The same plus showing the file size

find /boot -size +10000k -type f -exec du -h {} \;

find: ‘/boot/efi/EFI/rocky’: Permission denied find: ‘/boot/grub2’: Permission denied 60M /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-389ee10be1b38d4281b9720fabd80a37.img 21M /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64.img 13M /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64kdump.img 21M /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.2.2.el7.x86_64.img 14M /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1160.2.2.el7.x86_64kdump.img

Change the user password

To in rocky change the password of the user execute command passwd

[andrei@localhost ~]$ sudo passwd andrei

[sudo] password for andrei:
Changing password for user andrei.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

locale

To rocky find out the current locale

cat /etc/locale.conf

LANG="en_US.UTF-8"

or

localectl status

System Locale: LANG=en_US.UTF-8 VC Keymap: us X11 Layout: us

List of available localities

localectl list-locales

aa_DJ aa_DJ.iso88591 aa_DJ.utf8 aa_ER aa_ER.utf8 aa_ER.utf8@saaho aa_ER@saaho aa_ET aa_ET.utf8 af_ZA af_ZA.iso88591 af_ZA.utf8 am_ET am_ET.utf8 an_ES an_ES.iso885915 an_ES.utf8 ar_AE ar_AE.iso88596 ar_AE.utf8 ar_BH ar_BH.iso88596 ar_BH.utf8 ar_DZ ar_DZ.iso88596 ar_DZ.utf8 ar_EG ar_EG.iso88596 ar_EG.utf8 ar_IN ar_IN.utf8 ar_IQ

Choose only English

localectl list-locales | grep en_US

en_US en_US.iso88591 en_US.iso885915 en_US.utf8

The list of system variables associated with the locale is available by command

locale

LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8" LC_NUMERIC=en_US.UTF-8 LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8" LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8" LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_ADDRESS=en_US.UTF-8 LC_TELEPHONE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=en_US.UTF-8 LC_ALL=

Detailed information on each variable can be obtained using -c -k flags.

locale -c -k LC_TIME

LC_TIME abday="Sun;Mon;Tue;Wed;Thu;Fri;Sat" day="Sunday;Monday;Tuesday;Wednesday;Thursday;Friday;Saturday" abmon="Jan;Feb;Mar;Apr;May;Jun;Jul;Aug;Sep;Oct;Nov;Dec" mon="January;February;March;April;May;June;July;August;September;October;November;December" am_pm="AM;PM" d_t_fmt="%a %d %b %Y %r %Z" d_fmt="%m/%d/%Y" t_fmt="%r" t_fmt_ampm="%I:%M:%S %p" era= era_year="" era_d_fmt="" alt_digits= era_d_t_fmt="" era_t_fmt="" time-era-num-entries=0 time-era-entries="S" week-ndays=7 week-1stday=19971130 week-1stweek=7 first_weekday=1 first_workday=2 cal_direction=1 timezone="" date_fmt="%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" time-codeset="UTF-8"

locale -c -k LC_CTYPE

LC_CTYPE ctype-class-names="upper";"lower";"alpha";"digit";"xdigit";"space";"print";"graph";"blank";"cntrl";"punct";"alnum";"combining";"combining_level3" ctype-map-names="toupper";"tolower";"totitle" ctype-width=16 ctype-mb-cur-max=6 charmap="UTF-8" ctype-class-offset=72 ctype-map-offset=86 ctype-indigits_mb-len=1 ctype-indigits0_mb="0" ctype-indigits1_mb="1" ctype-indigits2_mb="2" ctype-indigits3_mb="3" ctype-indigits4_mb="4" ctype-indigits5_mb="5" ctype-indigits6_mb="6" ctype-indigits7_mb="7" ctype-indigits8_mb="8" ctype-indigits9_mb="9" ctype-indigits_wc-len=1 ctype-outdigit0_mb="0" ctype-outdigit1_mb="1" ctype-outdigit2_mb="2" ctype-outdigit3_mb="3" ctype-outdigit4_mb="4" ctype-outdigit5_mb="5" ctype-outdigit6_mb="6" ctype-outdigit7_mb="7" ctype-outdigit8_mb="8" ctype-outdigit9_mb="9" ctype-outdigit0_wc=48 ctype-outdigit1_wc=49 ctype-outdigit2_wc=50 ctype-outdigit3_wc=51 ctype-outdigit4_wc=52 ctype-outdigit5_wc=53 ctype-outdigit6_wc=54 ctype-outdigit7_wc=55 ctype-outdigit8_wc=56 ctype-outdigit9_wc=57 ctype-translit-tab-size=4554 ctype-translit-default-missing-len=1 ctype-translit-ignore-len=0 ctype-translit-ignore="" map-to-nonascii=0

List of available localities

locale -a

Change locale

To rocky, you can change locale or edit the file. locale.conf c /etc/ apply command localect (starting with rocky 7)

Let’s say you have to change the locale to en_us.iso88591

Open up. locale.conf and find the line LANG

sudo vi /etc/locale.conf

LANG="en_US.UTF-8"

Replace UTF-8 with iso88591

LANG="en_US.iso88591"

Alternative method of using n sed - Execute command.

sudo sed -i s/LANG=\"en_US\.UTF-8\"/LANG=\"en_US\.iso88591\"/ /etc/locale.conf

To check for changes to execute

localectl status

System Locale: LANG=en_US.iso88591 VC Keymap: us X11 Layout: us

To change a system variable, such as LC CTYPE execute

sudo vi ~/.bashrc

Put the following code at the end of the file

LC_CTYPE="en_US.iso88591" export LC_CTYPE

locale -c -k LC_CTYPE

Find out yours. machine-id

cat /etc/machine-id

4af06fd2a0bc4a759da55cb099e1f0f4

Change. machine-id

Remove the old machine-id

sudo rm /etc/machine-id

Create a new machine-id

sudo systemd-machine-id-setup

Check the result.

cat /etc/machine-id

Now it is advisable to restart and check if everything is working correctly.

If the same id is generated all the time, it's probably coming from somewhere else.

You can create it yourself by using dbus--uuidgen

rm -f /etc/machine-id
dbus-uuidgen --ensure=/etc/machine-id
dbus-uuidge --ensure
cat /etc/machine-id

Article author: Andrei Olegovich