Mathematics. Dictionary
Showing university terms (400). Also available: all (649), school (249).
In mathematics, a D-module is a module over a ring D of differential operators. The major interest of such D-modules is as an approach to the theory of linear partial differential equations. Since around 1970, D-module theory has been built up, mainly as a response to the ideas of Mikio Sato on algebraic analysis, and expanding on the work of Sato and Joseph Bernstein on the Bernstein–Sato polynomial. Early major results were the Kashiwara constructibility theorem and Kashiwara index theorem of Masaki Kashiwara.…
In mathematics, de Rham cohomology (named after Georges de Rham) is a tool belonging both to algebraic topology and to differential topology, capable of expressing basic topological information about smooth manifolds in a form particularly adapted to computation and the concrete representation of cohomology classes. It is a cohomology theory based on the existence of differential forms with prescribed properties. On any smooth manifold, every exact form is closed, but the converse may fail to hold.…
The integral of a function between an upper and lower limit
In mathematics, the derived category D(A) of an abelian category A is a construction of homological algebra introduced to refine and in a certain sense to simplify the theory of derived functors defined on A. The construction proceeds on the basis that the objects of D(A) should be chain complexes in A, with two such chain complexes considered isomorphic when there is a chain map that induces an isomorphism on the level of homology of the chain complexes.…
A scalar that encodes certain characteristics of a given transformation matrix; the unique scalar function over square matrices which is distributive over matrix multiplication, multilinear in the rows and columns, and takes the value 1 for the unit matrix; abbreviated as: det.
A matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero.
A mathematical quantity of the form \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} for some function f(x), having two main interpretations
An equation involving the derivatives of a function.
In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, volumes, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics. For instance, the expression f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle f(x)\,dx} is an example of a 1-form, and can be integrated over an interval [ a , b ] {\displaystyle [a,b]} contained in the domain of f {\displaystyle f} : ∫ a b f ( x ) d x .…
The study of geometry, especially geometric structures on differentiable manifolds, using techniques from calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra.
The process of applying the derivative operator to a function; of calculating a function's derivative.
A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature on a message gives any recipient confidence that the message came from a sender known to the recipient. In contrast, a message authentication code only gives confidence to a specific recipient that the message came from a known sender. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, contract management software, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.…
The number of independent coordinates needed to specify uniquely the location of a point in a space; also, any of such independent coordinates.
In mathematics, a direct limit is a way to construct a (typically large) object from many (typically smaller) objects that are put together in a specific way. These objects may be groups, rings, vector spaces or in general objects from any category. The way they are put together is specified by a system of homomorphisms (group homomorphism, ring homomorphism, or in general morphisms in the category) between those smaller objects. The direct limit of the objects A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} , where i {\displaystyle i} ranges over some directed set I {\displaystyle I} , is denoted by lim → A i {\displaystyle \varinjlim A_{i}} .…
In mathematics, more specifically in algebra, the direct sum of a collection of abelian groups is an abelian group constructed by combining the given groups as described below. If the input abelian groups have additional structure (for example, are vector spaces, modules, or topological abelian groups), then the direct sum usually maintains that structure (as an example of the opposite, the direct sum of fields is not a field as it contains zero divisors).…
A graph in which the edges are ordered pairs, so that, if the edge (a, b) is in the graph, the edge (b, a) need not be in the graph and is distinct from (a, b) if it is.
Collectively, most discrete or computer science-related branches of mathematics, such as graph theory and combinatorics.
An expression that gives information about the roots of a polynomial; for example, the expression D = b2 - 4ac determines whether the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and distinct (D > 0), real and equal (D = 0) or complex (D < 0).
The operator which maps a function F=(F1, ... F'n) from a n-dimensional vector space to itself to the function \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{\partial F_i}{\partial x_i}.
An infinite series whose partial sums are divergent.
In algebra, a division ring, also called a skew field, is a nontrivial ring in which division by nonzero elements is defined. Specifically, it is a nontrivial ring in which every nonzero element a has a multiplicative inverse; that is, an element usually denoted a–1, such that a a–1 = a–1 a = 1. So, (right) division may be defined as a / b = a b–1, but this notation is avoided, as one may have a b–1 ≠ b–1 a. A commutative division ring is a field.…
In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, Donaldson theory is the study of the topology of smooth 4-manifolds using moduli spaces of anti-self-dual instantons. It was started by Simon Donaldson (1983) who proved Donaldson's theorem restricting the possible quadratic forms on the second cohomology group of a compact simply connected 4-manifold. Important consequences of this theorem include the existence of an exotic R4 and the failure of the smooth h-cobordism theorem in 4 dimensions.…
In mathematics, a Drinfeld module (or elliptic module) is roughly a special kind of module over a ring of functions on a curve over a finite field, generalizing the Carlitz module. Loosely speaking, they provide a function field analogue of complex multiplication theory. A shtuka (also called F-sheaf or chtouca) is a sort of generalization of a Drinfeld module, consisting roughly of a vector bundle over a curve, together with some extra structure identifying a "Frobenius twist" of the bundle with a "modification" of it.…
The vector space which comprises the set of linear functionals of a given vector space.
In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in an ambient space, such as in a parametric curve. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, the random motion of particles in the air, and the number of fish each springtime in a lake. The most general definition unifies several concepts in mathematics such as ordinary differential equations and ergodic theory by allowing different choices of the space and how time is measured.…
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